Domestic logistics operates under unified national regulations with simple and transparent processes, mainly relying on road and railway transportation, and the timeliness can be accurate to hours. In contrast, international logistics involves cross-border compliance with multiple national rules, including customs clearance and document verification. Its transportation chain is longer, combining sea, air, and land transport, with greater timeliness volatility affected by weather and policies. Cost structure also differs significantly: international logistics includes additional expenses such as customs duties, value-added tax, and customs clearance fees, which are not present in domestic logistics
